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(г.3. Общая оценка учения Дюркгейма о социализме)

 

 

Как видно из текста, Дюркгейм с некоторой симпатией относился к идее некой обратной связи между хозяйством и государством, что было неоднократно подчеркнуто Моссом и другими комментаторами Дюркгейма. Почему же Дюркгейм не сделался социалистом? На это он сам ответил в конце своего курса. Здесь он дополняет свое определение социализма указанием на то, что социализм есть такая система, при которой все жизненные проявления человека и общества подчинены экономике:

«Дюркгеймовская критика (социалистической концепции), — говорит профессор Рутгерского университета Нейер (1960), — затрагивает самый корень проблемы социалистической общественной организации. Из того, что былые ограничения хозяйственной деятельности более не действуют, не следует, что новый тип ограничений их не сменит. Представление, что достаточно продуктивная экономическая организация самим фактом своей большой продуктивности сможет сама по себе удовлетворить все человеческие потребности, основано на наивном представлении о человеческой природе и ее отношении к социальной организации».

И далее Нейер приводит замечательные слова самого Дюркгейма, которые на редкость ясно вскрывают самую основу различия между солидаризмом и социализмом:

«В любой социальной организации, как бы искусно она ни была управляема, экономические функции могут гармонично кооперировать и поддерживать себя в состоянии равновесия, только если они подчинены нравственным силам, которые идут дальше их, сдерживают их и ими управляют».

Как отмечает Мосс (в своем предисловии к лекциям Дюркгейма), Дюркгейм не был социалистом и потому, что социализм обладает некоторыми качествами, для Дюркгейма неприемлемыми: его проповедь насилия, его классовый характер, его политиканство. Дюркгейм был против всякой войны — внутренней или внешней, он хотел прогресса для всех классов и народов и считал, что это может быть достигнуто без насилия, на почве осознанной солидарности, если держаться того пути, который диктует наука, здравый смысл и нравственное чувство.

Следует еще раз отметить, что Дюркгейм делает различие между социализмом и этатизмом: «Социалисты не требуют, чтобы вся хозяйственная жизнь была отдана в руки государства»... Этатизм (особенно тот, который сопряжен с диктатурой) поэтому не вполне подходит под понятие социализма, а составляет как бы особое направление. С другой стороны, и коммунизм является не разновидностью социализма, а особым направлением, которое не признает необходимость координации хозяйства и потому отрицает всякую частную собственность. Коммунизм регрессивен, так как своим идеалом он избрал примитивное общество.

Необходимо еще обратить внимание на то, что Дюркгейма не столько интересует то, что говорят сами социалисты и коммунисты о своих учениях, как то, что составляет ядро их учений. Потому что именно это имеет наиболее важное значение для научного анализа их учений. В историческом плане номенклатура подлежит, конечно, изменениям, и в настоящее время этатисты присваивают себе название социалистов, а под коммунизмом будущего подразумевают сверх-организованное общество, имеющее мало общего с идеями коммунистов прошлого. Солидаристы второй половины нашего {XX — Прим. электрон. ред.} века должны были, поэтому, снова и по-другому подойти к анализу социализма и коммунизма. Заслугой же Дюркгейма остается однако то, что он впервые научно подошел к вопросу о рациональном исследовании ядра этих учений.

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