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ОПЫТ СОЗДАНИЯ ДВОЙНОГО ВЕНКА СОНЕТОВ КАК ПРИНЦИПИАЛЬНО НОВОЙ ФОРМЫ

Опубликовано пн, 10/09/2001 - 03:03 пользователем admin

Как известно, венок сонетов считается одной из наиболее сложных архитектонических форм европейской поэзии. При этом чем строже соблюдаются основные сонетные правила в исходном сонете-магистрале, тем труднее на его основе написать соответствующий венок, тем более если в производных строфах соблюдать те же твердые ограничения.

С другой стороны, какие бы то ни было послабления как в магистрале, так и в остальных сонетах венка внутренне противоречивы, ибо обессмысливают саму идею создания произведения «твердой формы». Композиция сонета как таковая, правила его рифмовки, ограничения на повторы значимых слов и прочее составляют систему, описываемую так называемой «философией сонета» (построение по схеме «теза — антитеза — синтез», принцип передачи максимума [295] семантической и эстетической информации минимальными средствами и т.д.). Конструкция сонетного венка обогащает эту философию новыми элементами, зачастую диалектически дополняющими исходные. Так, простейшая диалектическая триада, соответствующая отдельному сонету, дополняется идеей кругового движения, наиболее откровенно отраженной в сонете, начинающимся последней строкой магистрала и завершающимся его первой строкой, в результате чего возникает как бы новое качество: развитие по спирали, объем вместо плоскости. Запрет на повтор значимых слов внутри отдельного сонета (кроме анафор) вступает в видимое противоречие с подхватом заключительной строки каждого сонета в первой строке следующего. Но это должно быть осмыслено как попытка осветить образ, явление, идею с разных сторон и противопоставить экономной самодостаточности элементов на уровне отдельного четырнадцатистишия щедрую взаимосвязь явлений поэтического мира на уровне более сложной системы. Нечто подобное мы видим в современной физике в принципе дополнительности двух, казалось бы, взаимоисключающих, понятий: частицы, корпускулы — и волны...

С точки зрения психологии творчества, на наш взгляд, тоже продуктивно следование наиболее жестким правилам. Если признать, что форма и содержание взаимосвязаны, то преодоление формальных препятствий едва ли не автоматически приводит к выявлению автором в своем замысле новых подтекстов. Так скульптор наиболее совершенные статуи создает не из пластилина, а из мрамора, ибо резец художника как бы следует за скрытыми в неподатливом материале возможностями. Об этом неоднократно говорили мастера разных эпох. [296]

Но при всем при том нельзя не признать, что форма венка сонетов несвободна и от некоторых недостатков, в известном смысле вытекающих из ее же достоинств. Как ни осмыслять повторение целых строк, оно создает ощущение некоторой монотонности, подчеркиваемой ритмическим однообразием. Если остановиться на наиболее «совершенном» варианте опоясанных рифм в катренах («AbbA AbbА» — противопоставление заглавных и строчных букв здесь и далее соответствует чередованию мужских и женских рифм), система рифмовки терцетов по формальным основаниям будет либо «ccD cDc», либо «cDc DcD», или «ccD cDD» (ограничиться одной лишь первой терцетной схемой попросту невозможно: сонеты, построенные на строках магистрала со смежными рифмами, обязаны иметь равновеликую — мужскую или женскую — эпикрузу; и наоборот: в сонетах, чьи первые строки неравносложны с последними, вынужденно используется единственно возможная схема «ccD cDc»). Жесткая заданность двух вариантов рифмовки терцетов производных сонетов в зависимости от вида рифм в соответствующих строках магистрала из-за правил альтернанса возникает и при выборе перекрестного оформления катренов («AbAb AbAb — CCd CCd или CdC ddC»). Но тогда затея одолеть форму окончательно грозит обернуться попаданием к ней в кабалу, сводя творчество к выбору из пяти строго детерминированных схем. Творец, хозяин рискует превратиться в раба. Где же выход?

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