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(4.2. Дюги о солидарности)
В противоположность всем фикциям и предрассудкам современного права стоит один основный факт чисто объективного и научного значения — факт солидарности. Школа Буржуа, как известно, различала два вида солидарности — солидарность как факт и солидарность как норму. Первый вид солидарности известен также под названием «взаимозависимость», или «взаимность», особого рода функциональная связь между членами любого общества. Дюги имеет в виду только этого рода солидарность, когда говорит о «факте солидарности». Солидарность, согласно Дюги, — не моральная норма, но если человек хочет жить, а жить он может только в обществе, он должен сделать соответствующие выводы из факта солидарности. Таким образом, косвенно, солидарность все-таки является фундаментом человеческого поведения, хотя и не обладает характером чего-то абсолютного или императивного.
Далее Дюги переходит к анализу солидарности. Начинает он этот анализ с разбора некоторых фактов, относящихся к индивидууму:
«В основе всех явлений, где фактором является человек, лежит несводимый (элементарный) факт индивидуального себя самого сознающего сознания... „Я сознаю, значит я существую“ — не есть декларация принципа индивидуализма, а утверждение бесспорной реальности, единственной бесспорной реальности... „Вещь в себе“ немецкой философии есть не что иное, как индивидуальная мысль...
Это сознание может быть подвержено внешним влиянием, все его содержание, может быть, целиком пришло извне... Оно может быть исключительно социальным; может быть, как мы это сами писали, человек думал общественно раньше.. чем научился думать индивидуально; может быть, человек только потому и думает, что живет в обществе; может быть, даже, что единственным объектом реальности является общество. Что все это меняет? Индивидуальное, себя сознающее сознание — это факт, стоящий выше и вне всякого философского или социального учения».
Вторым фактом, согласно Дюги, является стремление индивидуума воздействовать на внешний мир; это воля как фактор и действие как проявление этого фактора. Свободна эта воля или нет, нас в данном случае совершенно не интересует, так как наша задача состоит в настоящее время только в собирании бесспорных фактов. Факт существования воли состоит в стремлении к достижению определенных целей, которые ставит себе личность. Это стремление есть факт, сами же цели могут быть совершенно не реальными, воображаемыми. Эта сторона дела нас тоже в данном плане не должна интересовать.
Говоря об обществе, следует прежде всего предостеречь против отрицания единственного реального факта, что сознание может быть только индивидуальным, другого сознания мы не знаем. Сознание, однако, растет с увеличением своего содержания, оно растет прежде всего с сознанием своей связи с другими. Поэтому, чем больше человек понимает человеческую солидарность, тем больше он ее желает, тем больше он стремится к ее реализации, тем больше растет его личность.
«Противопоставление социализма и индивидуализма, в современном значении этих слов, не имеет разумного основания, — говорит Дюги. — Когда человек становится более социальным, он делается более индивидуальным; и если он становится более индивидуальным, он делается более социальным».
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