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а) ПЕРВЫЕ СОЛИДАРИСТЫ И СОЦИАЛИЗМ
Социализм появился во Франции в конце XVIII века (Бабеф), а затем в первой четверти XIX века пышно расцвели школы Фурье, Сен-Симона и Сисмонди. Но никто из них себя социалистами не называл, слово «социализм» к своим учениям не применял, и сам этот термин никакого хождения не имел. Если он и был выдуман мало кому известным итальянским писателем Джакомо Джулани еще в 1803 году, то об этом факте ни во Франции, ни в Англии или Германии почти ничего не было известно. Однако Пьеру Леру, первому солидаристу, потребовался термин для его собственного учения, основанного на идее солидарности. Термин этот должен был быть возможно более общим, подчеркивающим общественный, социальный характер его учения, и он поэтому ввел в обиход термин «социализм». Случилось это в 1833 году. Леру любил напоминать о своем первенстве в этом отношении, но термин скоро вошел в моду и стал употребляться всеми, кто считал себя социальным реформатором — Рейбо (1839), Робертом Оуэном (1841), а также Прудоном и Марксом. Впоследствии, как известно, для разграничения понятий проф. Шарль Жид ввел термин «солидаризм».
До 1848 года термин «социализм» обозначал всякое социальное реформаторство во имя общего блага, имея таким образом довольно расплывчатое содержание. Само учение Леру было одним из таких реформаторских учений, и как он, так и его ученики еще мирно уживались с другими «утопистами». Даже учение о солидарности легко воспринималось адептами других учений, так как настоящей дифференциации социальных теорий еще не произошло.
Первое серьезное расхождение обнаружилось, когда в 1851 году Леру вместе с некоторыми своими учениками очутился в эмиграции, в Лондоне. Французские эмигранты-социалисты, во главе которых тогда стояли Ружэ, Пиат и Журден, его своим не признали. Леру проповедывал социальный строй, основанный на науке, проведенной в жизнь по возможности без политических потрясений, верил в силу идей солидарности и справедливости. Сторонники «большой церкви революции» клеймили его в эмигрантских изданиях «энтузиастом, иллюминатом и болтуном», предупреждали всех «честных революционеров» против «поэтов и прочих пустоголовых, которые отстали от нашего времени». Жертвенность, говорили они, больше не сила, как в эпоху первых христиан, а подлость. Вместе с «королем конспираторов» Мадзини французские социалисты старались ничей не оказывать поддержки новоприбывшему эмигранту, а, наоборот, лишить его всякой возможности найти себе заработок. Но Леру не сдавался, и, хотя ему и пришлось покинуть Лондон, ни он и ни кто-либо из его сторонников на компромисс со своей совестью не пошли. Это было не личное расхождение, а принципиальное разделение между двумя различными по существу умонастроениями. С этого момента (1852) и произошла окончательная дифференциация между сторонниками борьбы классов и сторонниками солидарности.
Напомним, что незадолго перед этим Коммунистический манифест провозгласил: «Довольно братства, довольно филантропии». Человеческое братство у социалистов заменялось борьбой классов, общечеловеческая солидарность — солидарностью одного только пролетариата. Историк солидаризма Моранж так объясняет реакцию сторонников солидарности на появление на сцену марксизма:
«Марксисты и классические экономисты, хотя и стоящие на противоположных, казалось вы, полюсах мышления, были все же соседями по их общей привычке не видеть ничего, кроме игры интересов, считать эгоизм главной движущей силой человеческих действий и по их претензии, что они говорят абсолютные, ничем не смягченные научные мысли. В этом отношении научный социализм был шагом назад по отношению к утопическому социализму. Человеческая воля опять исчезала перед будто бы неумолимым и неотразимым авторитетом фактов. Ни справедливость, ни равенство, ни идея человечества не могли больше играть роли. Никакой моральный фактор не мог озарить эту „непобедимую доминацию“».
Но в марксизме с самого начала таилось противоречие, о котором также упоминает Моранж:
«Организация пролетариата для завоевания политического могущества — это идея прямо противоположная историческому материализму. Сама идея завоевыния политической власти, как предварительное и необходимое условие установления коллективизма, по-видимому указывает, что факты экономические подчинены факторам политическим, — субординация для марксистской доктрины немыслимая без явного противоречия».
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